Vaginal atrophy (also called genitourinary syndrome of menopause) is a condition where the vaginal tissues become thinner, drier, and less elastic due to a decline in estrogen levels, most commonly during menopause. Estrogen helps maintain the thickness and lubrication of the vaginal walls. When estrogen levels drop, the vaginal lining becomes fragile and less able to produce natural moisture. This can lead to discomfort, irritation, itching, and painful intercourse (dyspareunia). The pH balance of the vagina may also shift, increasing the risk of infections like bacterial vaginosis and urinary tract infections (UTIs).
Symptoms of vaginal atrophy can include vaginal dryness, burning, and discomfort during sex, as well as increased urinary frequency or urgency. Over time, the reduced elasticity can cause the vaginal canal to shorten and narrow, which may further contribute to discomfort. Treatment options include vaginal moisturizers, lubricants, and low-dose vaginal estrogen therapy, which can help restore moisture and improve tissue health. Lifestyle changes such as regular sexual activity or pelvic floor exercises may also help maintain vaginal health.